自由空域对猪粪麦秸好氧堆肥的影响实验分析

为研究不同水平自由空域(Fas)对堆肥效果的影响,利用实验室小型反应器进行了好氧堆肥试验,使用等量猪粪分别与等量不同粒径(0～1 cm、2～5 cm和7 cm)麦秸按照质量比1∶0.086混合获得不同Fas水平(56.70％、62.67％和68.36％),利用温度传感器、氧浓度传感器动态监测堆肥过程中温度和氧气体积分数的变化,研究分析了堆肥始末含水率和挥发性固体(VS)含量的变化,并基于Matlab平台建立了基于温度、氧气体积分数等多因素Monod形式的VS降解动力学模型.试验结果表明:等量猪粪与等量麦秸混合堆肥,麦秸粒径产生的Fas差异对堆肥过程影响显著;所建立的基于温度、氧气体积分数等多因素Monod形式VS降解动力学模型模拟结果与实际测量结果一致.     

载体好氧预处理对厌氧消化反应器运行性能的影响

将用于厌氧消化反应器的载体经好氧挂膜预处理，采用有机负荷递增法启动厌氧附着膜膨胀床（AAFEB）反应器，好氧预处理后的反应器比对照提前15天完成启动，并且具有较好的耐冲击负荷能力和耐水力负荷能力。这与污泥结构良好，持留能力强，污泥流失量小呈正相关。在反应器的稳态运行和再启动运行期间，反应器的主要运行参数与对照反应器无明显差异。     

Existing Situation on Disposal of Sludge from Wastewater Treatment Plant in Three-Gorges Reservoir Area

At present 18 wastewater treatment plants operateing in the Small towns of Three Gorge Areas of Chongqing Municipality, producing 132.95 tons surplus sludge everyday. As regards to the disposition of such numerous surplus sludge, the major disposition technique in these wastewater water treatment plants, i. e. , thickening and mechanical dewatering technique followed by feeding into the municipal solid waste landfill, seems to have a rather bad effect on the normal operation of the municipal solid waste landfill, due to the unstabilized sludge resulted from this technique of the sludge disposition and high moisture in the sludge, which is higher than 80%. This paper has paid some attention to this phenomenon. With respect to the small towns having the the municipal solid waste landfill, the techniques of mechanical dewatering, calcareousness stabilized etc. before feeding into the municipal solid waste landfill, seem to be feasible, while the composting and comprehensive utilization of sludge is available in the small towns which have no municipal solid waste landfills.     

Research on Main Microorganism Groups and Their Ecological Law im Aeration Sludge Composting Process

This paper emphatically probes into main microorganism groups and their characteristics in sewage sludge aeration composition system,and relationships between these groups and the environmental factors.Researches show that there exist interactions between microorganism groups and the environmental factors,such as organic matters,temperature and pH.Organic matters and temperature are two primary factors that effect on variations of microorganism groups. pH is a non-primary environmental factor.It is also found that microbial quantity variation curve in sludge composting process is different from that of in wastewater treatment process.     

不同热解温度生物质炭对羊粪堆肥过程氮素损失的减控效果

为探讨高温堆肥中氮素损失的有效控制技术，以2种不同热解温度制备的稻壳生物质炭为堆肥添加剂，与羊粪、食用菌渣混合，进行了43 d的堆肥试验。设置了3 个处理，羊粪与食用菌渣质量比9:1混合体作为预备物料，在预备物料上分别添加450、650 ℃热解的生物质炭（占预备物料质量百分比15%）为B1、B2处理，在预备物料上添加未热解的稻壳（与生物质炭等体积）为CK处理。监测了堆肥体的温度、NH3挥发、N2O排放、pH值等参数变化动态，分析了不同热解温度生物质炭在堆肥中的保氮效果。结果表明，B1、B2处理促进了堆肥初期的温度快速上升，堆肥体初次升温至55 ℃所需时间分别较CK 缩短了2、6 d，B2 处理的促升温、增温效应优于B1 处理；堆肥43 d 后，CK、B1 与B2处理的NH3挥发累积量分别为378.12、117.22、94.16 mg/kg，N2O排放累积量分别为13.9、26.3、23.6 mg/kg，氮素损失率分别为47.8%、34.1%，30.5%；B1、B2处理增加了堆肥体N2O排放，降低了堆肥体NH3挥发，整个堆肥过程中N2O排放累积量远小于NH3挥发累积量，添加生物质炭对堆肥过程氮素损失表现为正向的减控作用，B1、B2处理的氮素损失率分别较CK处理降低了28.6%、36.19%，B1、B2处理之间差异不显著（P＞0.05）。综合堆温快速上升、氮素损失控制等指标，B2处理对羊粪堆肥过程保氮效果优于B1处理；堆肥工程中应用生物质炭减控氮素损失及提高堆肥质量，优选热解温度650 ℃制备的生物质炭。     

氨基酸螯合微肥对旱作水稻苗期生长及生理效应的影响

通过盆栽试验研究氨基酸螯合微肥（AA-Met）对早作水稻苗期生长的影响。结果表明：AA-Met能显著提高早作水稻的株高、根长及生物量。喷施后72h内每24h用SPAD-502测定叶绿素相对含量，发现旱作水稻对螯合态微肥的吸收同化速率显著大于无机微肥，但AA—Met与EDTA—Met（EDTA螫合微肥）间差异不显著。等量施用微量元素下，AA—Met和EDTA—Met处理的生物量、叶绿素和生长素含量均显著高于无机微肥处理，而两螯合态微肥处理间差异不显著。可溶性蛋白含量3种微肥处理间差异显著，表现为AA-Met处理〉ED—TA—Met处理〉无机微肥处理（P〈0．05），表明AA—Met可完全替代EDTA—Met。分别喷施稀释100（AA—Met1）和250（AA—Met2）倍AA—Met的溶液时，作物生物量、叶绿素、生长素及可溶性蛋白含量两处理间差异不显著，但显著高于喷施稀释500（AA—Met）倍的AA—Met溶液的处理。     

Recycling of Two-Phase Olive-Mill Cake “Alperujo” by Co-composting with Animal Manures

The use of poultry manure or goat/sheep manure in the co-composting of the two-phase olive-mill cake “alperujo” (ALP) with olive leaf (OL) is compared by studying organic-matter mineralization and humification processes during composting and the characteristics of the end products. For this, two different piles (P1 and P2) were prepared using ALP with OL mixed with poultry manure (PM) and goat/sheep manure (GSM), respectively, and composted by the turned windrow composting system. Throughout the composting process, a number of parameters were monitored, such as temperature, pH, electrical conductivity (EC), organic matter (OM), OM losses, total organic carbon (C_org), total nitrogen (N_t), C_org/N_t ratio, and the germination index (GI). In both piles, the temperature exceeded 55 °C for more than 2 weeks, which ensured maximum pathogen reduction. Organic-matter losses followed a first-order kinetic equation in both piles. The final composts presented a stabilized OM and absence of phytotoxins, as observed in the evolution and final values of the C_org/N_t ratio (C_org/N_t < 20) and the germination index (GI > 50 percent). Therefore, composting can be considered as an efficient treatment to recycle this type of waste, obtaining composts with suitable properties that can be safely used in agriculture.     

淹水厌氧培养对水稻土中酶活性的影响

An incubation experiment with soil water content treatments of 0.15 （W1）, 0.20 （W2）, and 0.40 （W3） g g^-1 soil was carried out for two months to investigate the activities of important enzymes involved in C, N, P, and S cycling in a paddy soil from the Taihu Lake region, China, under waterlogged and aerobic conditions. Compared with air-dried soil, waterlogging resulted in a significant decrease （P ≤ 0.05） of fluorescein diacetate （FDA） and /3-D-glucosidase activities, and this effect was enhanced with increasing waterlogging time. Waterlogging also significantly inhibited （P ≤ 0.05） arylsulfatase as well as alkaline and acid phosphatase activities, but did not decrease the activities with the increase in waterlogging time. Short-term waterlogging did not affect urease activity, but prolonged waterlogging decreased it markedly. In contrast, the aerobic incubation （W1 and W2 treatments） significantly increased （P ≤ 0.05） FDA, alkaline phosphatase, and /3-D-glucosidase activities. With aerobic treatments the activities of FDA and alkaline phosphatase increased with incubation time, whereas /3-D-glucosidase activity decreased. A significant difference （P ≤ 0.05） was usually observed between the W1 and W2 treatments for the activities of FDA as well as alkaline and acid phosphatase; however,/3-D-glucosidase and urease were usually not significant （P ≤ 0.05）. No activity differences were observed between waterlogging and aerobic incubation for arylsulfatase and urease.     

基于ORYZA2000模型的旱稻生长模拟及氮肥管理研究

以旱稻田间试验资料为基础，对水稻生长模拟模型ORYZA2000模拟旱稻生长进行参数校正和验证，图解和回归分析结果显示ORYZA2000模拟旱稻生物量、产量、作物吸氮量的模拟值与观测值基本呈线性关系，模拟效果良好，但对土壤水分的模拟效果欠佳，需做进一步研究。应用校正和验证的结果，结合肥料效应函数原理，对旱稻不同灌溉方式和密度管理下的氮肥经济最佳施肥量做了探讨，初步得出了该地区旱稻栽培氮肥经济最佳施肥量，丰富了作物模拟和节水农业的理论和实践，对以后旱稻发展及栽培管理有一定的参考价值。     

菇渣发酵园艺基质的理化性状和应用效果

利用菇渣等固体废弃物生产园艺基质是充分利用自然资源的环保措施。利用工厂化生产金针菇的菇渣为主要原料，加入一定比例的尿素、芝麻渣、发酵微生物等辅料，通过充分堆制发酵生产园艺基质。试验表明，菇渣发酵后按照体积比6：4的比例与蛭石混合是最佳配方。黄瓜和网纹甜瓜的栽培试验表明，混配的菇渣基质可以降低生产成本，提高产量和品质，是一种优质的环保型有机园艺基质。